Interoperability principles are essential to maintain data exchange and integrity across diverse technological and regulatory ecosystems, especially as systems become increasingly complex and data-driven. These principles address the need for systems to evolve effectively, overcoming challenges posed by rigid specifi cations that impede adaptability and resilience. The solution lies in adopting adaptable interoperability principles that provide fl exible guidelines for system evolution. These principles support data fl ow and integration by using common languages and frameworks, ensuring broad applicability without being bogged down by prescriptive rules, thus fostering long-term effectiveness and innovation. This unit introduces core interoperability principles through examples like the FAIR principles and the European Interoperability Framework (EIF). It emphasizes principles such as openness, data portability, and user-centric design. The unit aims to teach how these frameworks facilitate effective system design, promoting adaptability and resilience in dynamic technological landscapes.